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A Book of Discovery |
by M. B. Synge |
A fascinating account of the world's famous explorers, including the early travelers in ancient times, the discovery of the New World, explorations in Africa and Australia, and the expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic. Many of the explorers tell part of their story in their own words. Amply illustrated with reproductions of early maps and charts, as well as old woodcuts, drawings, paintings, and miniatures. Emphasis is placed on the explorers' 'record of splendid endurance, of hardships bravely borne, of silent toil, of courage and resolution unequalled in the annals of mankind, of self-sacrifice unrivalled and faithful lives laid ungrudgingly down.' Ages 12-18 | 527 pages |
$17.95 |
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AFTER MOHAMMED
[88] SO once more we turn back to the East. Jerusalem is still the centre of the earth. But a change has passed over
the world, which influenced not a little the progress of geography. Mohammed in the seventh century lived and
died in Arabia. "There is but one God, and Mohammed is His prophet," proclaimed his followers, the Arabs or
Saracens as they were called. And just as men had travelled abroad to preach Christianity to those who knew it
not, so now the Mohammedans set forth to teach the faith of their Lord and Master. But whereas Christianity
was taught by peaceful means, Mohammedanism was carried by the sword. The Roman provinces of Syria and Egypt
had been conquered by the Arabs, and the famous cities of Jerusalem and Alexandria were filled with teachers
of the new faith. The Mohammedans had conquered Spain and were pressing by Persia towards India.
What deep root their preaching took in these parts is still evident. Still the weary fight between the two
religions continues.
The first traveller of note through this distracted Europe was a Frenchman named Arculf, a Christian bishop.
When he had visited the Holy Land and Egypt his ship was caught in a violent storm and driven on to the west
coast of Scotland. After many adventures Arculf found himself at the famous convent of Iona,
[89] made welcome by an Irish monk Adamnan, who was deeply interested in Arculf's account of his wanderings, and
wrote them down at his dictation, first on waxed tablets, copied later on to parchment. How tenderly the two
monks dwell on all the glories of Jerusalem. "But in that beautiful place where once the Temple had been, the
Saracens now frequent a four-sided house of prayer, which they have built, rudely constructing it by raising
boards and great beams on some remains of ruins, which house can hold three thousand men at once." And Arculf
draws on the waxed tablet the picture of some church or tomb to make his narrative clearer to his friend
Adamnan.
THE WORLD-MAP OF COSMAS, SIXTH CENTURY. THIS IS THE OLDEST CHRISTIAN MAP.
IT SHOWS THE FLAT WORLD SURROUNDED BY THE OCEAN, WITH THE FOUR WINDS AND THE FOUR SACRED RIVERS RUNNING OUT OF THE
TERRESTIAL PARADISE; BEYOND ALL IS THE "TERRA ULTRA OCEANUM," "THE WORLD BEYOND THE OCEAN, WHERE MEN DWELT BEFORE THE FLOOD."
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Perhaps the most interesting part of all the travels is the account of the lofty column that Arculf describes
in the midst of Jerusalem.
"This column," he says, "as it stands in the centre
[90] of the heaven, shining straight down from above, proves that the city of Jerusalem is situated in the middle
of the earth."
Arculf's journey aroused great interest among the newly converted Christians of the north, and Willibald, a
high-born Englishman, started off in 721 to explore farther. But the road through Europe was now full of
danger. The followers of Mohammed were strong, and it required true courage to face the perils of the long
journey. Willibald was undaunted, and with his father and two brothers he sailed from Southampton, crossed to
France, sailed up the Seine to Rouen, and reached Italy. Here the old father died. Willibald and his brothers
travelled on through "the vast lands of Italy, through the depths of the valleys, over the steep brows of the
mountains, over the levels of the plains, climbing on foot the difficult passes of the Alps, over the icebound
and snow-capped summits," till they arrived at Rome. Thence they made their way to Syria, where they were at
once thrown in prison by Mohammedan conquerors. They were brought before the ruler of the Mohammedan world, or
Khalif, whose seat was at Damascus. He asked whence they came.
"These men come from the western shore, where the sun sets: and we know not of any land beyond them, but water
only," was the answer.
Such was Britain to the Mohammedans. They never got a footing in that country: their Empire lay to the east,
and their capital was even now shifting to Bagdad.
But before turning to their geographical discoveries we must see how Cosmas, the Egyptian merchant-monk, set
the clock back by his quaint theories of the world in the sixth century. Cosmas hailed from "Alexander's great
city." His calling carried him into seas and countries remote from home. He knew the Mediterranean Sea,
[91] the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea. He had narrowly escaped shipwreck in the Indian Ocean, which in those days
was regarded with terror on account of its violent currents and dense fogs. As the ship carrying the merchant
approached this dread region, a storm gathered overhead, and flocks of albatross, like birds of ill-omen,
hovered about the masts.
"We were all in alarm," relates Cosmas, "for all the men of experience on board, whether passengers or
sailors, began to say that we were near the ocean and called out to the pilot: 'Steer the ship to port and
make for the gulf, or we shall be swept along by the currents and carried into the ocean and lost.' For the
ocean rushing into the gulf was swelling with billows of portentous size, while the currents from the gulf
were driving the ship into the ocean, and the outlook was altogether so dismal that we were kept in a state of
great alarm."
THE MOUNTAIN OF COSMAS, CAUSING NIGHT AND DAY AND THE SEASONS.
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That he eventually reached India is clear, for he relates strange things concerning Ceylon. "There is a large
oceanic island lying in the Indian Sea," he tells us. "It has a length of nine hundred miles and it is of the
like extent in breadth. There are two kings in the island, and they
[92] are at feud the one with the other. The island, being as it is in a central position, is much frequented by
ships from all parts of India, and from Persia and Ethiopia, and from the remotest countries, it receives
silk, aloes, cloves, and other products . . . farther away is the clove country, then Tzinista (China), which
produces silk. Beyond this there is no other country, for the ocean surrounds it on the east."
Cosmas was the first to realise that China was bounded on the east by the ocean. He tells us a good story
about the "Lord of India," who always went to war with two thousand elephants. "Once upon a time this king
would lay siege to an island city of the Indians, which was on every side protected by water. A long while he
sat down before it, until, what with his elephants, his horses, and his soldiers, all the water had been drunk
up. He then crossed over to the city dryshod and took it."
But, strange as are the travels and information of Cosmas, still stranger is his Christian Topography.
His commercial travelling done he retired, became a devout Christian monk, and devoted his leisure time in
trying to reconcile all the progress of geographical knowledge with old Biblical ideas.
He assures us that the world is flat and not round, and that it is surrounded by an immense wall supporting
the firmament. Indeed, if we compare the maps of Cosmas in the sixth century with those of the Babylonians
thousands of years before, there is mighty little difference. With amazing courage he refutes all the old
theories and draws the most astounding maps, which, nevertheless, are the oldest Christian maps which survive.
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